Software Diagnostics Library

This post was motivated during my work on a memory dump differing tool called DumpLogic that can do logical and arithmetic operations between memory snapshots, for example, take a difference between them for further visualization. This tool is forthcoming next week and it resulted in another simple tool called DumpFilter. The latter allows to filter certain unsigned integer (DWORD) values from a memory dump (or any binary file) by replacing them with 0xFFFFFFFF and all other values with 0×00000000. The resultant binary file can be visualized by any data visualization package or transformed to a bitmap file using Dump2Picture to see distribution of filtered values.

As a filtering example I used TestDefaultDebugger64 to generate a process user memory dump. It was converted to a BMP file by Dump2Picture: 

Then I filtered only AV exception code 0xc0000005:

C:\>DumpFilter tdd64.dmp tdd64.bin <dwords.txt

dwords.txt just contained one line 

c0000005

It is possible to filter many values. Just put more lines to dwords.txt file. tdd64.bin was converted to tdd64.bmp by Dump2Picture:

C:\>Dump2Picture tdd64.bin tdd64.bmp

Because the image had only black and while RGBA colors I saved it as a B/W bitmap (click to enlarge, it is a 3236×3236 1.3Mb bitmap):

Every EV exception code is a white dot there but it is difficult to see them unless magnified. So I enlarged them manually on the following map:

I put them on the original image too. We can see that exception processing spans many areas:

The tool and the sample dwords.txt file (for c0000005 and 80000003) can be downloaded from this location:

Download DumpFilter

Another example: Night Sky memory space art image is just a fragment after filtering all 1 values from another process memory dump.

- Dmitry Vostokov @ DumpAnalysis.org + TraceAnalysis.org -

Here is a synthetic case study to show various wait chain patterns. The complete memory dump from a frozen system is inconsistent, saved by LiveKd. Stack trace collection shows many threads waiting for LPC replies:

THREAD 87432520  Cid 0b10.0dd8  Teb: 7ff83000 Win32Thread: 00000000 WAIT: (Unknown) UserMode Non-Alertable
    8743270c  Semaphore Limit 0x1
Waiting for reply to LPC MessageId 007ade85:
Current LPC port d676e560
Not impersonating
DeviceMap                 d6f05be8
Owning Process            87581c78       Image:         ProcessA.exe
Attached Process          N/A            Image:         N/A
Wait Start TickCount      4093415        Ticks: 659565 (0:02:51:45.703)
Context Switch Count      111255            
UserTime                  00:00:27.781
KernelTime                00:00:02.015
Win32 Start Address MSVCR71!_threadstartex (0×7c3494f6)
Start Address kernel32!BaseThreadStartThunk (0×77e617ec)
Stack Init b6439000 Current b6438c08 Base b6439000 Limit b6436000 Call 0
Priority 8 BasePriority 8 PriorityDecrement 0
Kernel stack not resident.
ChildEBP RetAddr 
b6438c10 00000000 0×0

Checking MessageId by using !lpc command gives us the following LPC server thread that is waiting for a mutant owned by thread 866d63e8 (this is equivalent that thread 85b209d0 is waiting for thread 866d63e8):

THREAD 85b209d0  Cid 1524.2770  Teb: 7ff78000 Win32Thread: 00000000 WAIT: (Unknown) UserMode Non-Alertable
    85e9ba00  Mutant - owning thread 866d63e8
Not impersonating
DeviceMap                 d64008d8
Owning Process            87200880       Image:         ProcessB.exe
Attached Process          N/A            Image:         N/A
Wait Start TickCount      4093415        Ticks: 659565 (0:02:51:45.703)
Context Switch Count      28            
UserTime                  00:00:00.000
KernelTime                00:00:00.000
Win32 Start Address 0×007ade85
LPC Server thread working on message Id 7ade85
Start Address kernel32!BaseThreadStartThunk (0×77e617ec)
Stack Init b42e5000 Current b42e4c60 Base b42e5000 Limit b42e2000 Call 0
Priority 10 BasePriority 10 PriorityDecrement 0
Kernel stack not resident.
ChildEBP RetAddr 
b42e4c68 00000000 0xa000a02

Thread 866d63e8 is waiting for a process 86b33b30:

THREAD 866d63e8  Cid 1524.3984  Teb: 7ff6e000 Win32Thread: 00000000 WAIT: (Unknown) UserMode Non-Alertable
    86b33b30  ProcessObject
    866d6460  NotificationTimer
Not impersonating
DeviceMap                 d64008d8
Owning Process            87200880       Image:         ProcessB.exe
Attached Process          N/A            Image:         N/A
Wait Start TickCount      4755080     
Context Switch Count      4767            
UserTime                  00:00:00.015
KernelTime                00:00:00.000
Win32 Start Address 0×007a5051
LPC Server thread working on message Id 7a5051
Start Address kernel32!BaseThreadStartThunk (0×77e617ec)
Stack Init ab459000 Current ab458c60 Base ab459000 Limit ab456000 Call 0
Priority 10 BasePriority 10 PriorityDecrement 0
ChildEBP RetAddr 
ab458c78 8083d5b1 nt!KiSwapContext+0×26
ab458ca4 8083df9e nt!KiSwapThread+0×2e5
ab458cec 8092ae67 nt!KeWaitForSingleObject+0×346
ab458d50 80833bef nt!NtWaitForSingleObject+0×9a
ab458d50 7c82860c nt!KiFastCallEntry+0xfc (TrapFrame @ ab458d64)
0499fbec 7c827d29 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet
0499fbf0 76548721 ntdll!ZwWaitForSingleObject+0xc
0499fc0c 7654aa54 ProcessB!WaitForProcess+0×4a
[…]
0499ffec 00000000 kernel32!BaseThreadStart+0×34

We find the following thread in the process 86b33b30 (there is only one thread left where we expect many of them in ProcessC):

THREAD 85a6fdb0  Cid 5c0c.26f4  Teb: 7ffdf000 Win32Thread: b9b778a0 WAIT: (Unknown) KernelMode Non-Alertable
    86686030  SynchronizationEvent
    85a6fe28  NotificationTimer
Not impersonating
DeviceMap                 d6767248
Owning Process            86b33b30       Image:         ProcessC.EXE
Attached Process          N/A            Image:         N/A
Wait Start TickCount      4755681     
Context Switch Count      77668                 LargeStack
UserTime                  00:00:00.437
KernelTime                00:00:04.421
*** ERROR: Module load completed but symbols could not be loaded for ProcessC.EXE
Win32 Start Address 0×300010cc
Start Address kernel32!BaseProcessStartThunk (0×77e617f8)
Stack Init 9ad92000 Current 9ad91a40 Base 9ad92000 Limit 9ad8d000 Call 0
Priority 10 BasePriority 10 PriorityDecrement 0
ChildEBP RetAddr 
9ad91a58 8083d5b1 nt!KiSwapContext+0×26
9ad91a84 8083df9e nt!KiSwapThread+0×2e5
9ad91acc 8081e05b nt!KeWaitForSingleObject+0×346
9ad91b08 8082e012 nt!ExpWaitForResource+0xd5
9ad91b28 b6a9c1ee nt!ExAcquireResourceExclusiveLite+0×8d
WARNING: Stack unwind information not available. Following frames may be wrong.
9ad91b38 b6ab09d3 DriverA+0×21ee
[…]
9ad91c3c 80840153 DriverA+0×1ed6
9ad91c50 8092b51f nt!IofCallDriver+0×45
9ad91c64 8092b454 nt!IopSynchronousServiceTail+0×10b
9ad91d00 8092b574 nt!IopXxxControlFile+0×60f
9ad91d34 80833bef nt!NtDeviceIoControlFile+0×2a
9ad91d34 7c82860c nt!KiFastCallEntry+0xfc (TrapFrame @ 9ad91d64)
0012d4e0 00000000 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet

It is blocked by DriverA waiting for an executive resource. Fortunately !locks command works for this inconsistent dump and we finally reach thread 86ba5638:

0: kd> !locks

Resource @ 0x85610d30    Exclusively owned
    Contention Count = 4
    NumberOfExclusiveWaiters = 1
     Threads: 86ba5638-01<*>
     Threads Waiting On Exclusive Access:
              85a6fdb0

This thread belongs to another instance of ProcessC.exe (different process 8690dd88):

0: kd> !thread 86ba5638 1f
THREAD 86ba5638  Cid 186c.1574  Teb: 7ffdf000 Win32Thread: b9a28a70 WAIT: (Unknown) KernelMode Non-Alertable
    8944e3d4  SynchronizationEvent
Not impersonating
DeviceMap                 d6767248
Owning Process            8690dd88       Image:         ProcessC.EXE
Attached Process          N/A            Image:         N/A
Wait Start TickCount      4074148        Ticks: 678832 (0:02:56:46.750)
Context Switch Count      95896                 LargeStack
UserTime                  00:00:00.593
KernelTime                00:00:05.343
*** ERROR: Module load completed but symbols could not be loaded for ProcessC.EXE
Win32 Start Address 0×300010cc
Start Address kernel32!BaseProcessStartThunk (0×77e617f8)
Stack Init 99ef2000 Current 99ef19c0 Base 99ef2000 Limit 99eec000 Call 0
Priority 10 BasePriority 10 PriorityDecrement 0
ChildEBP RetAddr 
99ef19d8 8083d5b1 nt!KiSwapContext+0×26
99ef1a04 8083df9e nt!KiSwapThread+0×2e5
99ef1a4c 80853f3f nt!KeWaitForSingleObject+0×346
99ef1a64 8081d45f nt!KiAcquireFastMutex+0×13
99ef1a70 b6a9c70d nt!ExAcquireFastMutex+0×20
WARNING: Stack unwind information not available. Following frames may be wrong.
99ef1a7c b6aaf22a DriverA+0×270d
[…]
99ef1c3c 80840153 DriverA+0×1ed6
99ef1c50 8092b51f nt!IofCallDriver+0×45
99ef1c64 8092b454 nt!IopSynchronousServiceTail+0×10b
99ef1d00 8092b574 nt!IopXxxControlFile+0×60f
99ef1d34 80833bef nt!NtDeviceIoControlFile+0×2a
99ef1d34 7c82860c nt!KiFastCallEntry+0xfc (TrapFrame @ 99ef1d64)
0012db08 00000000 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet

We see this thread is also blocked by DriverA. We also check thread waiting times. All threads involved in wait chains have their Ticks value less than 86ba5638. This means that thread 86ba5638 was blocked earlier. We contact DriverA vendor for any possible updates.

- Dmitry Vostokov @ DumpAnalysis.org + TraceAnalysis.org -