WDF and PNP BSOD: Case Study
This morning I got the following bugcheck on my home Apple MacMini running Windows Vista:
IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL (a)
An attempt was made to access a pageable (or completely invalid) address at an interrupt request level (IRQL) that is too high. This is usually caused by drivers using improper addresses.
If a kernel debugger is available get the stack backtrace.
Arguments:
Arg1: a112883e, memory referenced
Arg2: 0000001b, IRQL
Arg3: 00000000, bitfield :
bit 0 : value 0 = read operation, 1 = write operation
bit 3 : value 0 = not an execute operation, 1 = execute operation (only on chips which support this level of status)
Arg4: 81c28750, address which referenced memory
READ_ADDRESS: a112883e Paged pool
The address belongs to paged pool indeed:
0: kd> !pool a112883e
Pool page a112883e region is Paged pool
a1128000 size: 6d0 previous size: 0 (Allocated) Toke (Protected)
a11286d0 size: 8 previous size: 6d0 (Free) SeSd
a11286d8 size: a8 previous size: 8 (Allocated) SpSy
a1128780 size: 10 previous size: a8 (Free) AlEB
*a1128790 size: 1a0 previous size: 10 (Allocated) *KFlt
Owning component : Unknown (update pooltag.txt)
a1128930 size: 6d0 previous size: 1a0 (Allocated) Toke (Protected)
Search for KFlt tag points to KeyMagic.sys:
C:\Windows\system32>findstr /S /m /l hKFlt *.sys
drivers\KeyMagic.sys
DriverStore\FileRepository\keymagic.inf_c8736569\KeyMagic.sys
When we look at the trap address we notice that it seems to be valid:
TRAP_FRAME: 85bdf8e8 -- (.trap 0xffffffff85bdf8e8)
ErrCode = 00000000
eax=a1128828 ebx=00000001 ecx=81d323c0 edx=00000000 esi=84ca6f38 edi=84ca6f40
eip=81c28750 esp=85bdf95c ebp=85bdf970 iopl=0 nv up ei pl zr na pe nc
cs=0008 ss=0010 ds=0023 es=0023 fs=0030 gs=0000 efl=00010246
nt!KeSetEvent+0x4d:
81c28750 385816 cmp byte ptr [eax+16h],bl ds:0023:a112883e=01
However as explained in Another look at page faults post we have a page in transition and this violates IRQL contract:
0: kd> !pte a112883e
VA a112883e
PDE at 00000000C0602840 PTE at 00000000C0508940
contains 000000001CEC5863 contains 000000001AFB48C2
pfn 1cec5 ---DA--KWEV not valid
Transition: 1afb4
Protect: 6 - ReadWriteExecute
When we look at stack trace parameters we notice that the first parameter passed to KeSetEvent function belongs to nonpaged pool:
STACK_TEXT:
85bdf8e8 81c28750 badb0d00 00000000 00000000 nt!KiTrap0E+0x2ac
85bdf970 876394df 84ca6f0000000000 00000000 nt!KeSetEvent+0×4d
WARNING: Stack unwind information not available. Following frames may be wrong.
85bdf98c 8763a145 84ca68a0 8399e3b8 85bdf9ac KeyMagic+0×14df
85bdf99c 806f57a0 7b359920 7c98c800 85bdf9d4 KeyMagic+0×2145
85bdf9ac 806f514e 8399e3b8 8070e2a0 8399e3b8 Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpEventFailedOwnHardware+0×3b
0: kd> !pool 84ca6f00
Pool page 84ca6f00 region is Nonpaged pool
84ca6000 size: 2b8 previous size: 0 (Allocated) Thre (Protected)
84ca62b8 size: 10 previous size: 2b8 (Free) ....
84ca62c8 size: 48 previous size: 10 (Allocated) Vadl
84ca6310 size: 30 previous size: 48 (Allocated) Ntfn
84ca6340 size: 38 previous size: 30 (Allocated) usbp
84ca6378 size: 98 previous size: 38 (Allocated) NDam
84ca6410 size: 188 previous size: 98 (Allocated) NDoa
84ca6598 size: 8 previous size: 188 (Free) FOCX
84ca65a0 size: 30 previous size: 8 (Allocated) UHUB
84ca65d0 size: 20 previous size: 30 (Allocated) Wnln
84ca65f0 size: 28 previous size: 20 (Allocated) Io
84ca6618 size: 18 previous size: 28 (Allocated) Ala6
84ca6630 size: 98 previous size: 18 (Allocated) NDam
*84ca66c8 size: 938 previous size: 98 (Allocated) *KeyM
Owning component : Unknown (update pooltag.txt)
However it is not a pointer to a valid _KEVENT structure:
0: kd> dt -r _KEVENT 84ca6f00
Wdf01000!_KEVENT
+0x000 Header : _DISPATCHER_HEADER
+0x000 Type : 0xc8 ''
+0x001 Abandoned : 0x87 ''
+0x001 Absolute : 0x87 ''
+0x001 NpxIrql : 0x87 ''
+0x001 Signalling : 0x87 ''
+0x002 Size : 0x12 ''
+0x002 Hand : 0x12 ''
+0x003 Inserted : 0xa1 ''
+0x003 DebugActive : 0xa1 ''
+0x003 DpcActive : 0xa1 ''
+0x000 Lock : -1592621112
+0x004 SignalState : -1592621112
+0x008 WaitListHead : _LIST_ENTRY [ 0x40000 - 0x0 ]
+0x000 Flink : 0x00040000 _LIST_ENTRY
+0x004 Blink : (null)
Moreover we see from disassembly and nonpaged pool entry contents that KeSetEvent function tried to dereference wrong WaitListHead that points to paged pool (the same pool entry that caused the bugcheck):
0: kd> uf nt!KeSetEvent
nt!KeSetEvent:
81c28703 mov edi,edi
81c28705 push ebp
81c28706 mov ebp,esp
81c28708 push ecx
81c28709 push ecx
81c2870a push ebx
81c2870b push esi
81c2870c mov esi,dword ptr [ebp+8]
81c2870f xor ebx,ebx
81c28711 inc ebx
81c28712 cmp byte ptr [esi],0
81c28715 push edi
81c28716 jne nt!KeSetEvent+0x27 (81c2872a)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x15:
81c28718 cmp dword ptr [esi+4],ebx
81c2871b jne nt!KeSetEvent+0x27 (81c2872a)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x1a:
81c2871d cmp byte ptr [ebp+10h],0
81c28721 jne nt!KeSetEvent+0x27 (81c2872a)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x20:
81c28723 mov eax,ebx
81c28725 jmp nt!KeSetEvent+0xcf (81c287d6)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x27:
81c2872a xor ecx,ecx
81c2872c call dword ptr [nt!_imp_KeAcquireQueuedSpinLockRaiseToSynch (81c010a4)]
81c28732 mov byte ptr [ebp+8],al ; clears the first byte of 84ca6f00 so PKEVENT could have been any 84ca6fXX
81c28735 mov eax,dword ptr [esi+4]
81c28738 test eax,eax
81c2873a mov dword ptr [ebp-4],eax
81c2873d mov dword ptr [esi+4],ebx
81c28740 jne nt!KeSetEvent+0×9a (81c287a1)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x3f:
81c28742 lea edi,[esi+8]
81c28745 cmp dword ptr [edi],edi
81c28747 je nt!KeSetEvent+0x9a (81c287a1)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x46:
81c28749 cmp byte ptr [esi],0
81c2874c mov eax,dword ptr [edi]
81c2874e jne nt!KeSetEvent+0x70 (81c28775)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x4d:
81c28750 cmp byte ptr [eax+16h],bl
81c28753 mov ecx,dword ptr [eax+8]
81c28756 push dword ptr [ebp+0Ch]
81c28759 jne nt!KeSetEvent+0x5e (81c28761)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x58:
81c2875b movzx edx,word ptr [eax+14h]
81c2875f jmp nt!KeSetEvent+0x63 (81c28766)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x5e:
81c28761 mov edx,100h
nt!KeSetEvent+0x63:
81c28766 call nt!KiUnwaitThread (81ca9097)
81c2876b mov eax,dword ptr [edi]
81c2876d cmp eax,edi
81c2876f je nt!KeSetEvent+0x9a (81c287a1)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x6e:
81c28771 jmp nt!KeSetEvent+0x4d (81c28750)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x70:
81c28775 cmp byte ptr [eax+16h],bl
81c28778 mov ecx,dword ptr [eax+8]
81c2877b push dword ptr [ebp+0Ch]
81c2877e je nt!KeSetEvent+0x8d (81c28794)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x7b:
81c28780 mov edx,100h
81c28785 call nt!KiUnwaitThread (81ca9097)
81c2878a mov eax,dword ptr [edi]
81c2878c cmp eax,edi
81c2878e je nt!KeSetEvent+0x9a (81c287a1)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x8b:
81c28790 jmp nt!KeSetEvent+0x70 (81c28775)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x8d:
81c28794 and dword ptr [esi+4],0
81c28798 movzx edx,word ptr [eax+14h]
81c2879c call nt!KiUnwaitThread (81ca9097)
nt!KeSetEvent+0x9a:
81c287a1 cmp byte ptr [ebp+10h],0
81c287a5 je nt!KeSetEvent+0xb2 (81c287b9)
nt!KeSetEvent+0xa0:
81c287a7 mov eax,dword ptr fs:[00000124h]
81c287ad mov cl,byte ptr [ebp+8]
81c287b0 or dword ptr [eax+68h],8
81c287b4 mov byte ptr [eax+5Eh],cl
81c287b7 jmp nt!KeSetEvent+0xcc (81c287d3)
nt!KeSetEvent+0xb2:
81c287b9 mov ecx,dword ptr fs:[20h]
81c287c0 add ecx,418h
81c287c6 call nt!KeReleaseQueuedSpinLockFromDpcLevel (81c8bf0c)
81c287cb push dword ptr [ebp+8]
81c287ce call nt!KiExitDispatcher (81ca9c12)
nt!KeSetEvent+0xcc:
81c287d3 mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-4]
nt!KeSetEvent+0xcf:
81c287d6 pop edi
81c287d7 pop esi
81c287d8 pop ebx
81c287d9 leave
81c287da ret 0Ch
0: kd> dd 84ca6f00 84ca6fff
84ca6f00 a11287c8 a11287c8 00040000 00000000
84ca6f10 a11287e0 a11287e0 00040000 00000000
84ca6f20 a11287f8 a11287f8 00040000 00000000
84ca6f30 a1128810 a1128810 00040000 00000001
84ca6f40 a1128828 a1128828 00040000 00000000
84ca6f50 a1128840 a1128840 00040000 00000000
84ca6f60 a1128858 a1128858 00040000 00000000
84ca6f70 a1128888 a1128888 00040000 00000000
84ca6f80 a11288a0 a11288a0 00040000 00000000
84ca6f90 a1128870 a1128870 00040000 00000000
84ca6fa0 a11288b8 a11288b8 00040000 00000000
84ca6fb0 a11288d0 a11288d0 00040000 00000000
84ca6fc0 a11288e8 a11288e8 00040000 00000000
84ca6fd0 a1128900 a1128900 00040000 00000000
84ca6fe0 a1128918 a1128918 5e55aec0 6003be28
84ca6ff0 60181fe8 00000000 00000000 00000000
0: kd> !pool a11287c8
Pool page a11287c8 region is Paged pool
a1128000 size: 6d0 previous size: 0 (Allocated) Toke (Protected)
a11286d0 size: 8 previous size: 6d0 (Free) SeSd
a11286d8 size: a8 previous size: 8 (Allocated) SpSy
a1128780 size: 10 previous size: a8 (Free) AlEB
*a1128790 size: 1a0 previous size: 10 (Allocated) *KFlt
Owning component : Unknown (update pooltag.txt)
a1128930 size: 6d0 previous size: 1a0 (Allocated) Toke (Protected)
Let’s look at our stack trace:
0: kd> !thread 82f49020 1f
THREAD 82f49020 Cid 0004.0034 Teb: 00000000 Win32Thread: 00000000 RUNNING on processor 0
IRP List:
8391e008: (0006,02b0) Flags: 00000000 Mdl: 00000000
Not impersonating
DeviceMap 85c03048
Owning Process 82f00ab0 Image: System
Wait Start TickCount 4000214 Ticks: 0
Context Switch Count 21886
UserTime 00:00:00.000
KernelTime 00:00:00.421
Win32 Start Address nt!ExpWorkerThread (0x81c78ea3)
Stack Init 85be0000 Current 85bdf7c0 Base 85be0000 Limit 85bdd000 Call 0
Priority 14 BasePriority 12 PriorityDecrement 0 IoPriority 2 PagePriority 5
ChildEBP RetAddr
85bdf8e8 81c28750 nt!KiTrap0E+0x2ac (TrapFrame @ 85bdf8e8)
85bdf970 876394df nt!KeSetEvent+0x4d
WARNING: Stack unwind information not available. Following frames may be wrong.
85bdf98c 8763a145 KeyMagic+0x14df
85bdf99c 806f57a0 KeyMagic+0x2145
85bdf9ac 806f514e Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpEventFailedOwnHardware+0x3b
85bdf9d4 806f5ea9 Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpEnterNewState+0x15c
85bdf9fc 806f61b3 Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpProcessEventInner+0x1f5
85bdfa20 806ecf6b Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpProcessEvent+0x1c8
85bdfa2c 806f34b4 Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::PnpSurpriseRemoval+0x29
85bdfa38 806edf86 Wdf01000!FxPkgFdo::_PnpSurpriseRemoval+0x10
85bdfa5c 806d7d0a Wdf01000!FxPkgPnp::Dispatch+0x26e
85bdfa68 806d7f0f Wdf01000!FxDevice::Dispatch+0x7f
85bdfa84 81c27f83 Wdf01000!FxDevice::DispatchWithLock+0x5d
85bdfa9c a4966e7f nt!IofCallDriver+0x63
85bdfac0 a496c9ae hidbth!HidBthCallDriverSynchronous+0x55
85bdfae0 85ac5a5d hidbth!HidBthPnP+0x68
85bdfaf4 85acd4c2 HIDCLASS!HidpCallDriver+0x3f
85bdfb10 85acd62e HIDCLASS!HidpFdoPnp+0x60
85bdfb20 85ac64fd HIDCLASS!HidpIrpMajorPnp+0x1e
85bdfb30 81c27f83 HIDCLASS!HidpMajorHandler+0x79
85bdfb48 81daf465 nt!IofCallDriver+0x63
85bdfb7c 81daf6cb nt!IopSynchronousCall+0xce
85bdfbd8 81da5da4 nt!IopRemoveDevice+0xd5
85bdfc00 81da5c97 nt!PnpSurpriseRemoveLockedDeviceNode+0xbd
85bdfc14 81da5f17 nt!PnpDeleteLockedDeviceNode+0x1f
85bdfc44 81daa554 nt!PnpDeleteLockedDeviceNodes+0x4c
85bdfd04 81daabe1 nt!PnpProcessQueryRemoveAndEject+0x572
85bdfd1c 81da9743 nt!PnpProcessTargetDeviceEvent+0x38
85bdfd44 81c78fa0 nt!PnpDeviceEventWorker+0x201
85bdfd7c 81e254e0 nt!ExpWorkerThread+0xfd
85bdfdc0 81c9159e nt!PspSystemThreadStartup+0x9d
00000000 00000000 nt!KiThreadStartup+0x16
IRP and device examination shows that KeyMagic is a lower filter driver to bluetooth HID driver and an upper filter driver to BthEnum (see Bluetooth Driver Stack WDK article):
0: kd> !irp 8391e008
Irp is active with 16 stacks 14 is current (= 0x8391e24c)
No Mdl: No System Buffer: Thread 82f49020: Irp stack trace.
cmd flg cl Device File Completion-Context
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 0, 0] 0 0 00000000 00000000 00000000-00000000
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
>[ 1b,17] 0 e1 a1b9b120 00000000 a4966d36-85bdfab0 Success Error Cancel pending
\Driver\KeyMagic hidbth!HidBthSynchronousCompletion
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 1b,17] 0 0 8a1fc030 00000000 00000000-00000000
\Driver\HidBth
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
[ 1b,17] 0 0 8a1fc030 00000000 00000000-00000000
\Driver\HidBth
Args: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
0: kd> !devobj 8a1fc030
Device object (8a1fc030) is for:
_HID00000006 \Driver\HidBth DriverObject 836225e0
Current Irp 00000000 RefCount 0 Type 00000022 Flags 00002050
Dacl 85c60218 DevExt 8a1fc0e8 DevObjExt 8a1fce98
ExtensionFlags (0x00000800)
Unknown flags 0x00000800
AttachedTo (Lower) a1b9b120 \Driver\KeyMagic
Device queue is not busy.
0: kd> !devobj a1b9b120
Device object (a1b9b120) is for:
\Driver\KeyMagic DriverObject 83712d70
Current Irp 00000000 RefCount 0 Type 00000022 Flags 00002004
DevExt 84ca68a0 DevObjExt a1b9b1f0
ExtensionFlags (0x00000800)
Unknown flags 0x00000800
AttachedDevice (Upper) 8a1fc030 \Driver\HidBth
AttachedTo (Lower) 8a1ef030 \Driver\BthEnum
Device queue is not busy.
0: kd> !devstack 8a1ef030
!DevObj !DrvObj !DevExt ObjectName
8a1fc030 \Driver\HidBth 8a1fc0e8 _HID00000006
a1b9b120 \Driver\KeyMagic 84ca68a0
> 8a1ef030 \Driver\BthEnum 8a1ef0e8 00000068
lmv command doesn’t show detailed module information:
0: kd> lmv m KeyMagic
start end module name
87638000 87642000 KeyMagic (no symbols)
Loaded symbol image file: KeyMagic.sys
Image path: \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\KeyMagic.sys
Image name: KeyMagic.sys
Timestamp: Thu Aug 30 22:59:01 2007 (46D73DA5)
CheckSum: 0000B906
ImageSize: 0000A000
Translations: 0000.04b0 0000.04e0 0409.04b0 0409.04e0
But dumping the module contents shows more (Unknown Component pattern):
0: kd> dc 87638000 87642000
...
...
...
8763b120 \.r.e.g.i.s.t.r.
8763b130 y.\.m.a.c.h.i.n.
8763b140 e.\.S.y.s.t.e.m.
8763b150 \.C.u.r.r.e.n.t.
8763b160 C.o.n.t.r.o.l.S.
8763b170 e.t.\.S.e.r.v.i.
8763b180 c.e.s.\.k.e.y.m.
8763b190 a.g.i.c.....FILT
8763b1a0 ER_EXTENSION....
8763b1b0 NEW_LAYOUT..OLD_
8763b1c0 LAYOUT..UNKNOWN_
8763b1d0 LAYOUT..EXTERNAL
8763b1e0 _BLUETOOTH..EXTE
8763b1f0 RNAL_CORDED.INTE
8763b200 RNAL....UNKNOWN_
8763b210 TYPE....JIS.ANSI
8763b220 ....ISO.UNKNOWN_
8763b230 LANG............
8763b240 u.....%.........
8763b250 ................
8763b260 ............K.m.
8763b270 d.f.L.i.b.r.a.r.
8763b280 y...RSDS.....W.M
8763b290 .V..A..e....c:\b
8763b2a0 wa\applekeyboard
8763b2b0 win-200.1.4\srcr
8763b2c0 oot\applekeyboar
8763b2d0 d\objfre_wlh_x86
8763b2e0 \i386\KeyMagic.p
8763b2f0 db…………..
8763b300 …………….
…
…
…
Therefore we have enough evidence for KeyMagic.sys to contact the vendor for updates or remove it. The latter is better because I don’t use Apple wireless keyboard but the driver is present on my system. To be absolutely sure we can enable IRQL checking in Driver Verifier for KeyMagic.sys.
- Dmitry Vostokov @ DumpAnalysis.org -